Tidal associated temperature disturbances observed at the middle atmosphere (30–65 km) by a Rayleigh lidar at 23°S

A lidar has been operated in São José dos Campos, Brazil (23.2°S, 45.8°W) since 1972, mainly dedicated to the study of mesospheric sodium at the 589 nm resonant line. The molecular Rayleigh scattering can also be used provided we limit the height to ∼75 km where the sodium scattering begins. Nevertheless, the weak signal obtained only permits the determination of density and temperature profiles by accumulating a large number of shots giving only nocturnal average profiles. Temporal variations in density and temperature on the scale of hours can however, be obtained by performing a superposed epoch analysis for a given time interval and covering a period of several days. In this way we obtained hourly mean profiles grouped by months, seasons and overall, with data acquired from 1993 to 2004. The difference between the hourly temperatures and the nocturnal means shows for some months, with enough data coverage, downward propagating structures that apparently have tidal origin. The seasonal averages show a recurrent feature with high temperatures before and low temperatures after midnight above 50 km. Some similarity is found with the GSWM model, but the observed temperature amplitudes are twice of that for the model.     

A neutral gas mass spectrometer to measure the chemical composition of the stratosphere

The Polar Balloon Atmospheric Composition Experiment (P-BACE) is a new generation of neutral gas mass spectrometer based on the time-of-flight principle. P-BACE is the scientific experiment on the Mars Environment Analog Platform (MEAP) flown successfully on a balloon mission in summer 2008. The MEAP mission was flown with a 334,000 m³ helium balloon in the stratosphere on a semicircular trajectory from northern Sweden around the North Pole to Canada using the summer northern hemispheric wind current. The atmospheric conditions at an atmospheric altitude of 35–40 km are remarkably similar to those on the surface of Mars and thus the balloon mission was an ideal testbed for our mass spectrometer P-BACE. Originally this instrument was designed for in situ measurements of the chemical composition of the Martian atmosphere.P-BACE has a unique mass range from 0 to 1000 amu/q with a mass resolution m/Δm (FWHM) > 1000, and the dynamic range is at least six orders of magnitude. During this experiment, the acquisition of one mass spectrum is a sum of 65,535 single spectra, recorded in a time frame of 66 s.The balloon mission lasted 5 days and had successfully demonstrated the functionality of the P-BACE instrument during flight conditions. We had recorded more than 4500 mass spectra. With little modifications, P-BACE can be used on a planetary mission for Mars, but for example also for Venus or Mercury, if placed on a satellite.     

整合辽宁省航空产业资源,推动产业链全面振兴增值

结合辽宁省航空产业基础雄厚的现实条件,针对产业布局分散、产业整合度较低等具体问题,经过充分调查研究和对比论证,总结了全省航空产业资源的优势与不足,综合论述了辽宁省航空产业资源的整合必要性和可行性,结合沈阳国家民用航空高技术产业基地的建设和"五点一线"战略的实施,提出了尽早规划、与国有企业合作、加强自主创新能力建设、加强省部合作等建议.     

Comparison of mesopause region meteor radar winds,medium frequency radar winds and low frequency drifts over Germany

During 2004 and 2005 measurements of mesospheric/lower thermospheric (80–100 km) winds have been carried out in Germany using three different ground-based systems, namely a meteor radar (36.2 MHz) at the Collm Observatory (51.3°N, 13°E), a MF radar (3.18 MHz) at Juliusruh (54.6°N, 13.4°E) and the LF D1 measurements using a transmitter (177 kHz) at Zehlendorf near Berlin and receivers at Collm with the reflection point at 52.1°N, 13.2°E. This provides the possibility of comparing the results of different radar systems in nearly the same measuring volume. Meteor radar winds are generally stronger than the winds observed by MF and especially by LF radars. This difference is small near 80 km but increases with height. The difference between meteor radar and medium frequency radar winds is larger during winter than during summer, which might indicate an indirect influence of gravity waves on spaced antenna measurements.     

Height and time variability of planetary wave activity

The height–season and year-to-year regularities of parameters of first and second spatial harmonics determine the structure of the stratosphere and mesosphere circulation and its variability. In the period 1992–2002 at heights 0–55 km, the amplitudes and phases of the first and second spatial harmonics in the field of temperature, geopotential height, zonal and meridional wind were calculated by the method of harmonic decomposition. Dispersion (standard or mean square deviation) of their day-to-day and year-to-year variations was calculated by their wavelength constants. Height and season patterns of variability have been estimated. The difference in height–longitude variability for wave numbers m = 1 and 2 has been discovered. At the same time, the intensity of wave disturbances for m = 1 is less than for m = 2 excluding the polar areas, where a significant variability appears at the heights 0–55 km. There is also a tendency for the intensity of year-to-year variations to decrease in comparison with day-to-day variations. In cold and warm periods the amplitude of perturbation waves with m = 2 both for day-to-day and year-to-year variations is greater than for waves with m = 1. Transient height areas in the interval of 20–30 km are more distinct for day-to-day variations of polar area.     

Energetic Hydrogen and Oxygen Atoms Observed on the Nightside of Mars

We present measurements of energetic hydrogen and oxygen atoms (ENAs) on the nightside of Mars detected by the neutral particle detector (NPD) of ASPERA-3 on Mars Express. We focus on the observations for which the field-of-view of NPD was directed at the nightside of Mars or at the region around the limb, thus monitoring the flow of ENAs towards the nightside of the planet. We derive energy spectra and total fluxes, and have compiled maps of hydrogen ENA outflow. The hydrogen ENA intensities reach 10⁵ cm⁻² sr⁻¹ s⁻¹, but no oxygen ENA signals above the detection threshold of 10⁴ cm⁻² sr⁻¹ s⁻¹ are observed. These intensities are considerably lower than most theoretical predictions. We explain the discrepancy as due to an overestimation of the charge-exchange processes in the models for which too high an exospheric density was assumed. Recent UV limb emission measurements (Galli et al., this issue) point to a hydrogen exobase density of 10¹⁰ m⁻³ and a very hot hydrogen component, whereas the models were based on a hydrogen exobase density of 10¹² m⁻³ and a temperature of 200 K predicted by Krasnopolsky and Gladstone (1996). Finally, we estimate the global atmospheric loss rate of hydrogen and oxygen due to the production of ENAs.     

微等离子体转化二氧化碳发射光谱诊断

火星大气层的主要成分为二氧化碳，如果能够利用低温等离子体方法高效分解二氧化碳，使其转化为氧气和一氧化碳加以利用，可以大幅降低航天员生命保障相关载荷长途运输的成本，进一步提高生命保障能力。低温等离子体放电过程中会产生大量活性组分，可以在数百度温度下实现二氧化碳的高效解离，是具有很大潜力的二氧化碳解离与转化方式。设计了一种尺度在亚毫米级、功率输入为数瓦的直流微槽等离子体反应器，可以在较低气体温度下实现二氧化碳分解。测量了反应器电流、功率等放电参数，采用发射光谱确定了体系中激发态组分，分析了激发态粒子谱线强度随输入电压、稀释气体比例等反应器工作参数变化，利用氮气分子振转谱带测量了等离子体放电区振动温度和气体温度。研究表明，添加氩、氦、氮气均可以增强二氧化碳的分解，添加氦气可以促进二氧化碳的电离过程。稀释气体激发态因具有高能量，可以通过潘宁解离通道增强二氧化碳分解。氦组分激发态的能量高于二氧化碳电离能，可以促进二氧化碳的电离反应。微等离子体内存在强烈的振动 平动非平衡现象：振动温度约为4400~4800K，而气体温度仅为450 ~600K，表明可以通过合理的放电和结构设计，定向将能量注入到振动态，从而进一步促进二氧化碳的振动解离。     

Simulating planetary wave propagation to the upper atmosphere during stratospheric warming events at different mountain wave scenarios

Parameterization schemes of atmospheric normal modes (NMs) and orographic gravity waves (OGWs) have been implemented into the mechanistic Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model (MUAM) simulating atmospheric general circulation. Based on the 12-members ensemble of runs with the MUAM, a composite of the stratospheric warming (SW) has been constructed using the UK Met Office data as the lower boundary conditions. The simulation results show that OGW amplitudes increase at altitudes above 30 km in the Northern Hemisphere after the SW event. At altitudes of about 50 km, OGWs have largest amplitudes over North American and European mountain systems before and during the composite SW, and over Himalayas after the SW. Simulations demonstrate substantial (up to 50–70%) variations of amplitudes of stationary planetary waves (PWs) during and after the SW in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. Westward travelling NMs have amplitude maxima not only in the Northern, but also in the Southern Hemisphere, where these modes have waveguides in the middle and upper atmosphere. Simulated variations of PW and NM amplitudes correspond to changes in the mean zonal wind, EP-fluxes and wave refractive index at different phases of the composite SW events. Inclusion of the parameterization of OGW effects leads to decreases in amplitudes (up to 15%) of almost all SPWs before and after the SW event and their increase (up to 40–60%) after the SW in the stratosphere and mesosphere at middle and high northern latitudes. It is suggested that observed changes in NM amplitudes in the Southern Hemisphere during SW could be caused by divergence of increased southward EP-flux. This EP-flux increases due to OGW drag before SW and extends into the Southern Hemisphere.     

微藻反应器用于水气净化与产氧的功能验证

将微藻和电去离子技术引入密闭生态系统,设计单元反应器旨在验证其在空气再生、水净化和潜在食物的生产。在反应器中对尿液进行消解和NH4＋硝化转化得到超过90%NH4＋-N硝化为NO-3-N-的培养液适宜于螺旋藻养殖并获得高质量的微藻生物量;此时,CO2的平均吸收速率VCO2=458.6 mL/m3·min、O2产生速率VO2=616.5 mL/m3·min,即螺旋藻的同化系数VCO2/VO2≈0.74,接近人的呼吸系数VCO2/VO2=0.86;EDI法水净化率97%可直接回用。结果表明：该体系能实现CO2吸收、O2释放和螺旋藻生物量的生产,同时将水净化。     

某机载印制电路板在模拟海洋大气环境中腐蚀行为

根据航空机载设备在装备中的局部使用环境、热带海洋环境特征和主要环境因素影响作用等,设计了印制电摘路板(Printed Circuit Board,PCB)在模拟热带海洋大气环境中的盐雾和交变湿热组合循环试验方案。通过开展 PCB的组合循环试验,采用体式显微镜和 SEM电镜等研究分析了不同试验时间下的 PCB的腐蚀行为和电气性能变化规律。结果表明:PCB的腐蚀主要在焊点、焊盘、印制导线和引线头等金属部位;电气性能受表观腐蚀的影响,其接触电阻在试验后增幅达到 50%且受是否带电试验的影响较小。同层间、异层间绝缘电阻变化规律相似,主要分为 2个阶段:前 1 000 h其绝缘电阻较为平稳;试验 1 000 h后则出现明显的下降趋势,最终降低在 1~4 GΩ之间,且整个循环试验中 PCB均能承受 500 V交流电压 60 s。